Classical Fortran
     Second Edition
   Michael Kupferschmid
   CRC Press, 2009

   Preface
 0 Introduction
    0.1 Why Study Programming?
    0.2 The Evolution of Fortran
    0.3 Why Study Fortran
    0.4 Classical Fortran
    0.5 About This Book
        0.5.1 Motivation and History
        0.5.2 Audience
        0.5.3 Organization
        0.5.4 Pedagogical Approach
        0.5.5 Typographical Conventions
        0.5.6 Computing Environment Dependencies
    0.6 Advice to Instructors
    0.7 About The Author
    0.8 Acknowledgements
    0.9 Disclaimers
    0.10 Exercises
 1 Hello, World!
    1.1 Case Study: A First Fortran Program
    1.2 Compiling the Program
    1.3 Running a Program in UNIX 
    1.4 Omissions
    1.5 Exercises
 2 Expressions and Assignment Statements
    2.1 Constants
    2.2 Variables and Variable Names
    2.3 Arithmetic Operators
    2.4 Function References
    2.5 Expressions
    2.6 Assignment Statements
    2.7 READ and PRINT
    2.8 Omissions
    2.9 Exercises
 3 Conditionals and Branching
    3.1 Flowcharting
    3.2 The GO TO Statement
    3.3 The IF-THEN Construct
    3.4 The Logical IF Statement
    3.5 Flowcharting Reconsidered
    3.6 Additional Examples
    3.7 Omissions
    3.8 Exercises
 4 Scalar Data Types
    4.1 Integers
    4.2 Reals
    4.3 Roundoff Errors
    4.4 Type Conversions
    4.5 Case Study: Computing the Sine
    4.6 Other Data Types
        4.6.1 Complex Numbers
        4.6.2 Logicals
        4.6.3 Bits and Hexadecimal Numbers
    4.7 Some Special Values
    4.8 Architectural Variations
    4.9 Omissions
    4.10 Exercises
 5 Arrays and DO Loops
    5.1 Vectors
    5.2 The DO Loop
    5.3 Matrices
    5.4 The Rules of DO Loops
    5.5 Array Dimensioning
    5.6 Case Study: Matrix Multiplication
    5.7 Omissions
    5.8 Exercises
 6 Subprograms
    6.1 SUBROUTINE Subprograms
    6.2 Call By Reference
    6.3 FUNCTION Subprograms
    6.4 Case Study: Bisection
    6.5 Detecting First Entry
    6.6 Fortran, System, and Library Routines
        6.6.1 Fortran Built-In Functions
        6.6.2 UNIX System Routines
        6.6.3 Subprogram Libraries
    6.7 Conclusion and Omissions
    6.8 Exercises
 7 Adjustable Dimensions and EXTERNAL
    7.1 Adjustable Dimensions
        7.1.1 Assumed-Size Arrays
        7.1.2 Passing Leading Dimensions
    7.2 EXTERNAL
        7.2.1 Fixed Subprogram Names
        7.2.2 Passing Subprogram Names
    7.3 Summary and Omissions
    7.4 Exercises
 8 COMMON
    8.1 Passing Data Through
    8.2 Passing Data Around
    8.3 Alignment
        8.3.1 Alignment by Order
        8.3.2 Alignment in Memory
    8.4 Formal Parameters and COMMON
    8.5 Arrays in COMMON
    8.6 BLOCK DATA
    8.7 Omissions
    8.8 Exercises
 9 Input and Output
    9.1 READ and WRITE
        9.1.1 FORMAT Statements
        9.1.2 Cursor Control
        9.1.3 End-of-File and Error Conditions
    9.2 Case Study: Descriptive Statistics
    9.3 Implied DO Loops
    9.4 Unit Assignments
        9.4.1 Interactive Programs
        9.4.2 Attaching Files with GETFIL
        9.4.3 Batch Programs
    9.5 Descriptive Statistics Revisited
    9.6 Positioning In Files
    9.7 Case Study: Merging Files
    9.8 Unformatted I/O
    9.9 Cautions and Omissions
    9.10 Exercises
10 Character Variables
   10.1 How Characters Are Stored
   10.2 Writing Out and Reading In CHARACTER Variables
   10.3 Editing Character Strings
   10.4 Object-Time FORMATs
   10.5 Case Study: QUERY
   10.6 CHARACTER Variables in Other Contexts
        10.6.1 Reading From and Writing To CHARACTER Variables
        10.6.2 Using CHARACTER Variables in OPEN
        10.6.3 CHARACTER Functions
   10.7 Character Graphics
        10.7.1 X-Y Plots
        10.7.2 Contour Plots
   10.8 Omissions
   10.9 Exercises
11 Memory Management Techniques
   11.1 Passing Array Columns
   11.2 Partitioning Workspace
   11.3 Sharing Workspace
   11.4 Sharing Constant Data
   11.5 Storing a Symmetric Matrix
   11.6 Sparse Matrix Techniques
        11.6.1 Fixed Pattern
        11.6.2 Varying Pattern
   11.7 Linked Lists
   11.8 Omissions and Caveats
   11.9 Exercises
12 Design, Documentation, and Coding Style
   12.1 The Craft of Programming
   12.2 Design
        12.2.1 User Interface Design
        12.2.2 Program Design
   12.3 Documentation
        12.3.1 External Documentation
        12.3.2 Internal Documentation
   12.4 Coding Style
        12.4.1 Cognitive Complexity
        12.4.2 Names
        12.4.3 Branching Logic
        12.4.4 Exposition
        12.4.5 Typography
        12.4.6 Refining the Comments
   12.5 Hand-Checking
   12.6 Testing, Revision, and Maintenance
        12.6.1 Testing
        12.6.2 Revision and Maintenance
   12.7 Conclusion and Omissions
   12.8 Exercises
13 Archaic, Unusual, and Dangerous Usages
   13.1 Source Form
        13.1.1 Sequence Numbers
        13.1.2 Dead Code
        13.1.3 Free-Form Source
        13.1.4 INCLUDE Files
        13.1.5 The PROGRAM Statement
        13.1.6 No STOP Statement
        13.1.7 Star and Blank Comments
        13.1.8 Other Continuation Characters
   13.2 Expressions and Assignment Statements
        13.2.1 Precedence Dependencies
        13.2.2 Long Names
   13.3 Conditionals and Transfer of Control
        13.3.1 ELSE IF
        13.3.2 The Computed GO TO
        13.3.3 The Arithmetic IF
        13.3.4 The Assigned GO TO
        13.3.5 Free Loops
   13.4 Scalar Data Types
        13.4.1 Mixed Mode
        13.4.2 Generic Functions
        13.4.3 IMPLICIT
        13.4.4 IMPLICIT NONE
        13.4.5 Other Data Types
        13.4.6 Other Forms of Type Declaration
        13.4.7 Abuses of EQUIVALENCE
   13.5 Arrays and DO Loops
        13.5.1 The DIMENSION Statement
        13.5.2 Abuses of DO Loops
        13.5.3 Abuses of CONTINUE
        13.5.4 DO WHILE
   13.6 Subprograms
        13.6.1 Alternate RETURNs
        13.6.2 ENTRY
        13.6.3 Abuses of Subprogram Arguments
        13.6.4 Call by Value
        13.6.5 Functions Without Arguments
        13.6.6 Statement Functions
        13.6.7 Archaic Names for Built-In Functions
   13.7 Adjustable Dimensions and EXTERNAL
        13.7.1 Arrays Dimensioned (1)
        13.7.2 Overuse of EXTERNAL
   13.8 COMMON
        13.8.1 Indiscriminate Use of COMMON
        13.8.2 Extending COMMON by EQUIVALENCE
        13.8.3 References Past the End of an Array
        13.8.4 Blank COMMON
        13.8.5 Arrays Dimensioned in COMMON Statements
   13.9 Input and Output
        13.9.1 Carriage Control
        13.9.2 Scale Factors
        13.9.3 Hollerith Strings in FORMATs
        13.9.4 Printing Leading Zeros
        13.9.5 Formatted READs
        13.9.6 Direct-Access I/O
        13.9.7 NAMELIST
   13.10 Character Variables
        13.10.1 Characters in Variables of Other Types
        13.10.2 Arithmetic With Characters
        13.10.3 Substrings, Concatenation, and Character Built-Ins
   13.11 Case Study: A Legacy Code
        13.11.1 Source Listing
        13.11.2 Observations
        13.11.3 Cleaning Up the Mess
   13.12 Conclusion and Omissions
   13.13 Exercises
14 UNIX Issues
   14.1 Using the Compiler
        14.1.1 Naming the Executable File
        14.1.2 Checking Array Subscripts
        14.1.3 Other Compiler Options
        14.1.4 Summary
   14.2 Operating System Services
        14.2.1 Current Date and Time
        14.2.2 I/O Units and Files
        14.2.3 Shell Variables
        14.2.4 Command Line Arguments
        14.2.5 Issuing UNIX Commands
        14.2.6 Setting a Return Code
   14.3 Debugging and dbx
        14.3.1 Compile-Time Errors
        14.3.2 Run-Time Errors
        14.3.3 Debugging with Output Statements
        14.3.4 Vanishing Bugs
        14.3.5 The dbx Debugger
   14.4 Automatic Compilation with make
        14.4.1 Incremental Recompilation
        14.4.2 Deciding Which Routines to Recompile
   14.5 Libraries
        14.5.1 Using Libraries
        14.5.2 Building Libraries
   14.6 Writing Custom Manual Pages
        14.6.1 How the man Command Works
        14.6.2 Your man Directory
        14.6.3 The Page Template
        14.6.4 A Typical Page Definition
        14.6.5 Processing the Page Definition
        14.6.6 How man Finds Your Custom Pages
        14.6.7 Printing man Pages
   14.7 Omissions
   14.8 Exercises
15 Measuring and Maximizing Serial Execution Speed
   15.1 Measuring Serial Execution Speed
        15.1.1 The UNIX time Command
        15.1.2 Statistical Profiling with prof
        15.1.3 System Subprograms for Measuring CPU Time
        15.1.4 Direct Profiling with TIMER
        15.1.5 Operation Counting
   15.2 Tuning Fortran Source Code
        15.2.1 Algorithm Implementation Details
        15.2.2 Variable Typing and Initialization
        15.2.3 Arithmetic Expressions
        15.2.4 Exponentiation
        15.2.5 Conditionals
        15.2.6 Loops and Indices
        15.2.7 Memory Reference Patterns and Stride
        15.2.8 I/O Considerations
        15.2.9 Subprograms
        15.2.10 COMMON
        15.2.11 Summary
   15.3 Omissions
   15.4 Exercises
16 Vector and Parallel Processing
   16.1 Vector Processing
        16.1.1 Scalar Machine Instructions
        16.1.2 Vector Machine Instructions
        16.1.3 Pipelining
        16.1.4 Amdahl's Law
        16.1.5 Vector Compilers and Performance Tuning
        16.1.6 Case Study: Tuning Code for Vectorization
   16.2 Parallel Processing
        16.2.1 Problem Decomposition
        16.2.2 Message Passing
        16.2.3 Case Study: Functional Decomposition
        16.2.4 Case Study: Domain Decomposition
        16.2.5 Amdahl's Law Revisited
        16.2.6 Deadlocks and Races
   16.3 Omissions
   16.4 Exercises
17 Modern Fortran and HPF
   17.1 Fortran-90
        17.1.1 Array Operations
        17.1.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation
        17.1.3 Other New Features
        17.1.4 Case Study: Matrix Multiplication
        17.1.5 Omissions
   17.2 High Performance Fortran
        17.2.1 Data Parallel Programming
        17.2.2 Parallelization by HPF
        17.2.3 Distributing Data
        17.2.4 Expressing Concurrency
        17.2.5 Using Subprograms
        17.2.6 Case Study: Integration Again
        17.2.7 Caveats
        17.2.8 Omissions
   17.3 The Future of Fortran
   17.4 Exercises
18 Some Utility Routines
   18.1 Number-Numeral Conversions
        18.1.1 Integer to Numerals
        18.1.2 Numerals to Integer
   18.2 String Insertions
        18.2.1 Inserting an Integer Into a String
        18.2.2 Inserting One String Into Another
   18.3 Attaching a File
   18.4 Arithmetic With Two-Part Values
        18.4.1 Addition and Subtraction
        18.4.2 Normalization
        18.4.3 Conversion To and From REAL*8
        18.4.4 Scaling
   18.5 Measuring CPU Time
        18.5.1 Algorithm
        18.5.2 Implementation
        18.5.3 Two Stub Routines
        18.5.4 A Cycle-Counting TIMER
        18.5.5 Finding Processor Speed
   18.6 A Shell Script for Global Edits
   18.7 Caveats and Omissions
   18.8 Exercises
   Bibliography
     Suggested Reading
     Technical References
     Other References
   Index